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Ibn al-Muqaffa'
Abū Muhammad ʿAbd Allāh Rūzbih ibn Dādūya ((ペルシア語:ابو محمد عبدالله روزبه ابن دادویه)), original Persian name Rōzbih pūr-i Dādōē , known as Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ ((アラビア語:ابن المقفع)), (), was a Persian translator, author and thinker.
==Biography==
Ibn al-Muqaffa, though a resident of Basra, was originally from the town of Goor (or Gur, Firuzabad, Fars) in the Iranian province of Fars and was born to a family of local notables. His father had been a state official in charge of taxes under the Umayyads, and after being accused and convicted of embezzling some of the money entrusted to him, was punished by the ruler by having his hand crushed, hence the name ''Muqaffa'' (shrivelled hand). Ibn al-Muqaffa served in sectarial posts under the Umayyad governors of Shapur and Kirman. Unlike his other colleagues, he escaped persecution at the hands of Abbasids after their to overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty. He later returned to Basra and served as a secretary under Isa ibn Ali and Sulayman ibn Ali, the uncles of the Abbasid caliph al-Mansur. After their brother Abdallah ibn Ali made an abortive bid for the throne, they asked Ibn al-Muqaffa to write a letter to the Caliph to not to retaliate against his uncle and pardon him. The language of the letter offended al-Mansur who wished to be rid of Ibn al-Muqaffa. He was executed around 756 or 759 AD by the governor of Basra. Due to his defense of Manichaean dualism and a few lines of prose written in imitation of Quran, he later developed a posthumous reputation as a heretic.〔Said Amir Arjomand, "`Abd Allah Ibn al-Muqaffa` and the `Abbasid Revolution," ''Iranian Studies,'' 27:33 (1994).〕
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